Polarization change detection

ABSTRACT

An object detection system uses a change in a linear polarization statistic between a first image at a first time and a second image at a second time to determine the presence or the likelihood of an object beneath a surface. The presence of the object may be determined by regions of anomalously high changes in the polarization statistic. The system may use a polarization change detection detector which may simultaneously capture images in multiple polarization channels. Further, the polarization change detection detector may be coupled with a laser interferometry system.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST

This invention was made with United States Government support under Prime Contract No. N00014-16-C-3039 awarded by the U. S. Navy. The United States Government has certain rights in this invention.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to the detection of sub-surface or subterranean objects. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to the detection of sub-surface objects through the use of imagery analysis. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to the detection of sub-surface objects with a polarization change detection detector that analyzes polarization changes in reflected light over image pairs at collected at different times.

BACKGROUND Background Information

Linear polarization of electromagnetic radiation is a confinement of the electric field vector or magnetic field vector to a given plane along the direction of propagation. Generally, the polarization state of an electromagnetic wave is defined by the direction of the electric field vector. For example, if the electric field vector is vertical (alternately up and down as the wave travels) the radiation is said to be vertically polarized.

More generally, linear polarization is a special case of elliptical polarization. In elliptical polarization, the tip of the electric field vector varies in time, tracing an ellipse in the plane normal to the light propagation direction. The total electromagnetic field can be resolved into a superposition of two linearly-polarized waves with their electric fields at right angles to each other, defining the major axis and minor axis of the ellipse. Linear polarization is a special case of elliptical polarization, in which the minor axis approaches zero length. Similarly, circular polarization is a special case in which the minor axis equals the major axis. In addition to the ratio of minor to major axis lengths, and the orientation of the major axis, elliptical polarization is characterized by the rotation direction of the electric field along the polarization ellipse. The field may rotate either right-handedly or left-handedly with respect to the direction of propagation. In technical discussions, this handedness is also called chirality. Thus, there are two different directions of circular polarization, distinguished by chirality. Elliptical polarization states are further distinguished by the ratio of major to minor axes, and by the direction of the major axis, in addition to the chirality.

Generally, a degree of linear polarization (DOLP) is a quantity used to describe the ratio of intensity of the linearly polarized component of an electromagnetic wave (such as a laser beam) to the total intensity thereof. A perfectly linearly polarized wave has a DOLP of 100%, whereas an unpolarized wave has a DOLP of 0%. A wave which is partially polarized, and therefore can be represented by a superposition of a polarized and unpolarized component, will have a DOLP somewhere in between 0 and 100%. DOLP is calculated as the fraction of the total power that is carried by the polarized component of the wave. DOLP can be used to distinguish circularly-polarized chirality, by using optical components known as quarter-wave plates (QWPs) to convert circular polarization to linear polarization. This enables a detector in which a DOLP measures the degree of circular polarization (DOCP). The process may be further generalized to discriminate different elliptical polarization states via combinations of beam splitters, linear polarizers, and wave plates. Similarly, elliptical polarization may be resolved into a combination of linear components by using a combination of wave plates and beam splitters, and DOLP can be computed for those linear components. Thus, DOLP can be made sensitive to changes in linear, circular, or elliptical polarization.

Typically, DOLP is only used as a statistic to quantify the intensity ratio of the polarized electromagnetic wave and DOLP is not used to generate additional signals, such as an alert signal in a subsurface or subterranean object detection system.

SUMMARY

Heretofore, detection systems have not taken advantage of DOLP as a measurement that can further supplement the ability of the detections systems to detect a subsurface or subterranean object or track an object moving along the surface. The present disclosure addresses these and other issues by taking advantage of DOLP, and more particularly in one embodiment ADOLP in image pairs, to supplement subsurface object detection systems and other object tracking systems or standalone detection systems. However, other embodiments may use Any statistic S that measures the change in the degree or direction of the polarization of the return signal could be used.

In one aspect, an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure may provide a system for detecting an object below a surface, the system comprising: a polarization change detection (PCD) detector that captures a first image of the surface at a first time (T1) and a second image of the surface at a subsequent second time (T2); a processor in operative communication with the PCD detector to determine a DOLP of the first image at T1 and a DOLP of the second image at T2, wherein the surface changes from T1 to T2 and the processor determines a change in DOLP (ADOLP) from T1 to T2 in response to the surface change; and wherein the processor generates a signal in response to the ADOLP to alert the presence of the object below the surface. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further provide logic operative to convert different circular or elliptical polarization states into linear polarization states distinguishable by DOLP. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further provide a polarized light source coupled with the PCD detector to illuminate the surface with polarized electromagnetic radiation. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further provide a laser transmitter generating a polarized laser beam directed at the surface, wherein the first image and the second image capture a reflected beam from the surface. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further provide a laser interferometric sensor (LIS) system comprising a laser transmitter coupled with the PCD detector. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further provide wherein the laser transmitter is part of the LIS system and generates a polarized laser beam. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further provide a platform carrying the LIS system and the PCD detector. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further provide wherein the LIS system is a legacy system on the platform including the laser transmitter, and the PCD detector is a retrofit kit to the LIS system carried by the platform. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further provide an acoustic modulator generating an acoustic wave to agitate objects buried beneath the surface. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further provide a timer to measure a change in time (ΔT) from T1 to T2, wherein ΔT approximates one period of the acoustic wave. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further provide a co-polarization channel; and a cross-polarization channel. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further provide wherein the PCD detector consists of only a single imager and the co-polarization channel is a first portion of the single imager and the cross-polarization channel is a second portion of the single imager.

In another aspect, an exemplary method or process in accordance with the present disclosure may provide a subsurface object detection method comprising: illuminating a surface with polarized electromagnetic waves; capturing, with a polarization change detection (PCD) detector, a first image of the surface at a first time (T1); determining a degree of linear polarization (DOLP) for the first image from polarized reflected light from the surface; capturing, with the PCD detector, a second image at a second time (T2); determining the DOLP of the second image for the second image from polarized reflected light from the surface; determining, by a processor, a change in DOLP (ADOLP) from the first image to the second image; comparing, by a processor, regions in the second image that have a ΔDOLP or ΔDOLP² that exceeds a threshold; and generating, by a processor, a signal in response to the ΔDOLP or ΔDOLP² that exceeds the threshold to alert the presence of an object below the surface. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further provide changing the surface between T1 and T2; wherein the DOLP of the second image is responsive to changing the surface between T1 and T2. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further provide wherein changing the surface is accomplished by an acoustic modulator directing sound waves at the surface. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further provide modulating an acoustic modulator to direct sound waves towards the surface simultaneous to illuminating the surface with polarized electromagnetic waves. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further provide merging the first image with the second image to create a merged image; determining a background region wherein ΔDOLP approximates zero; determining a target region wherein the ΔDOLP exceeds the threshold; and indicating that an object is in the target region in response to the determination that the ΔDOLP exceeded the threshold. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further provide merging the first image with the second image to create a merged image; changing the surface between T1 and T2 with a wave; computing the DOLP for each image; where the polarization channels are measured simultaneously with a sensor containing a Bayer pattern polarization filter; wherein the time between T1 and T2 approximates a period of the wave that changed the surface between T1 and T2. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further provide merging the first image with the second image to create a merged imaged; changing the surface between T1 and T2; mapping the ΔDOLP in a region where the surface changed, when ΔDOLP from T2 to T1 is greater than zero; determining a correlation of a background region in the merged image; determining a correlation of a target region in the merged image; and wherein the time difference from T2 to T1 approximates a time scale in which the surface changes. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further provide applying a high pass filter to the merged image to enhance high spatial frequency polarization content of the merged image.

In yet another aspect, an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure may provide a method comprising: computing a statistic (S) of a first image from cross-polarization and co-polarization data collected at a first time (T₁); wherein the statistic S is a measure of a degree or direction of the linear polarization and is computed for every image pixel, and wherein the cross-polarization and co-polarization data may references directions of light output by a polarization change detection (PCD) detector that includes logic operative to convert different circular or elliptical polarization states into linear polarization; determining the statistic S for a second image from cross-polarization and co-polarization data collected at a second time (T₂); determining, by a processor, a change in S (ΔS) from the first image to the second image; comparing, by a processor, regions in the second image that have a ΔS that exceeds a threshold; and generating, by a processor, a signal in response to the ΔS that exceeds the threshold to alert the presence of an object below the surface or a change in the surface.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

Sample embodiments of the present disclosure are set forth in the following description, is shown in the drawings and is particularly and distinctly pointed out and set forth in the appended claims.

FIG. 1 (FIG. 1) is a diagrammatic view of a system of detecting a subsurface object in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 2A (FIG. 2A) is a schematic view of an exemplary polarization change detection (PCD) detector.

FIG. 2B (FIG. 2B) is a schematic view of the PCD detector of FIG. 2A coupled with a laser interferometric sensor (LIS) system to form a combined PCD/LIS detection assembly.

FIG. 3A (FIG. 3A) is an enlarged diagrammatic view of the surface formed from sand indicating that polarization angles of the reflected light vary per pixel based on the orientation of each grain of sand and that a small number of grains of sand approximates the size of a pixel.

FIG. 3B (FIG. 3B) is an enlarged diagrammatic view of the surface formed from the sand indicating that polarization angles of the reflected light average to 0 when a sufficiently large number of grains of sand approximate the size of a pixel.

FIG. 4A (FIG. 4A) is a diagrammatic section view of the surface at a first time.

FIG. 4B (FIG. 4B) is a diagrammatic section view of the surface at a subsequent second time after the surface has tilted or otherwise shifted.

FIG. 5A (FIG. 5A) is a diagrammatic section view of the surface at a first time.

FIG. 5B (FIG. 5B) is a diagrammatic section view of the surface at a subsequent second time after the surface has varied to change its vertical height, wherein FIG. 5B represents an increase in height forming a bump, however a similar result of object detection would be achieved with a decrease in height forming a depression.

FIG. 5C (FIG. 5C) is a diagrammatic representation of a top view of a merged image that would result from combining (i.e., merging) a first top plan view image of the surface of FIG. 5A with the second top plan view image of the surface of FIG. 5B and further depicts the change in the surface between the first time and a subsequent second time.

FIG. 6A (FIG. 6A) is an image from a first test simulation of a detection region at a first time in a co-polarization channel.

FIG. 6B (FIG. 6B) is an image from the first test simulation of the detection region at the first time in a cross-polarization channel.

FIG. 7A (FIG. 7A) is an image from the first test simulation of the detection region at a subsequent second time in the co-polarization channel.

FIG. 7B (FIG. 7B) is an image from the first test simulation of the detection region at the subsequent second time in the cross-polarization channel.

FIG. 8A (FIG. 8A) is a high pass filtered image depicting a degree of linear polarization (DOLP) from the first test simulation of the detection region from the first time.

FIG. 8B (FIG. 8B) is a high pass filtered image depicting the DOLP from the first test simulation of the detection region from the second time.

FIG. 9A (FIG. 9A) is an image depicting the change in DOLP (ΔDOLP) from the first test simulation of the detection region from the first time to the second time.

FIG. 9B (FIG. 9B) is an image depicting the DOLP ratio

$\left( \frac{{DOLP}\; 2}{{DOLP}\; 1} \right)$

from the first test simulation of the detection region from the first time to the second time.

FIG. 10A (FIG. 10A) is an image from a second test simulation of a detection region at a first time in a co-polarization channel.

FIG. 10B (FIG. 10B) is an image from the second test simulation of the detection region at the first time in a cross-polarization channel.

FIG. 11A (FIG. 11A) is an image from the second test simulation of the detection region at a subsequent second time in the co-polarization channel.

FIG. 11B (FIG. 11B) is an image from the second test simulation of the detection region at the subsequent second time in the cross-polarization channel.

FIG. 12A (FIG. 12A) is a high pass filtered image depicting the DOLP from the second test simulation of the detection region from the first time.

FIG. 12B (FIG. 12B) is a high pass filtered image depicting the DOLP from the second test simulation of the detection region from the second time.

FIG. 13A (FIG. 13A) is an image depicting ΔDOLP from the second test simulation of the detection region from the first time to the second time.

$\left( \frac{{DOLP}\; 2}{{DOLP}\; 1} \right)$

FIG. 13B (FIG. 13B) is an image depicting the DOLP ratio from the second test simulation of the detection region from the first time to the second time.

FIG. 14A (FIG. 14A) is an image from a third test simulation of a detection region at a first time in a co-polarization channel.

FIG. 14B (FIG. 14B) is an image from the third test simulation of the detection region at the first time in a cross-polarization channel.

FIG. 15A (FIG. 15A) is an image from the third test simulation of the detection region at a subsequent second time in the co-polarization channel.

FIG. 15B (FIG. 15B) is an image from the third test simulation of the detection region at the subsequent second time in the cross-polarization channel.

FIG. 16A (FIG. 16A) is a high pass filtered image depicting the DOLP from the third test simulation of the detection region at the first time.

FIG. 16B (FIG. 16B) is a high pass filtered image depicting the DOLP from the third test simulation of the detection region from the second time.

FIG. 17A (FIG. 17A) is an image depicting ΔDOLP from the third test simulation of the detection region from the first time to the second time.

FIG. 17B (FIG. 17B) is an image depicting the DOLP ratio

$\left( \frac{{DOLP}\; 2}{{DOLP}\; 1} \right)$

from the third test simulation of the detection region from the first time to the second time.

FIG. 18 (FIG. 18) is a flow chart depicting an exemplary method in accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure.

Similar numbers refer to similar parts throughout the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 depicts generally a detection system that takes advantage of a polarization change in a ground surface in order to determine whether an object is present below the surface (i.e., an object detection mode) or whether an object has changed a surface (i.e., an object tracking mode). The system is generally depicted at 10. System 10 may include a platform 12 that is positioned above a surface 14 and configured to detect an object 16 positioned below the surface 14 (or an object 16 that has altered surface 14). Platform 12 carries a polarization change detection (PCD) detector 18. In one particular embodiment, platform 12 is positioned at a vertical height above the surface 14 and the PCD detector 18 is oriented to observe, detect, and sense in the downward vertical direction such that the PCD detector 18 may view the surface 14.

Platform 12 may be a moveable platform configured to move from a first position to a second position in the direction of arrow 20. The first position of the platform 12 is indicated in dash lines and the second position of the platform 12 is indicated in solid lines. Furthermore, the first position of the platform 12 associated with a first time (T₁) and the second position of the platform 12 is associated with a subsequent second time (T₂). While platform 12 is depicted as a helicopter or rotorcraft, it is to be understood that the platform may be any form of vehicle or platform. For example, the platform may be a fixed wing aircraft, an unmanned aerial vehicle or drone, or any other moveable platform. Further, the platform 12 does not need to be an aerial vehicle as those referenced above. For example, the platform 12 may be a land-based vehicle, such as a tank or truck, that still positions the PCD detector 18 vertically above the ground surface 14 and is aimed downwardly to observe the same. Even further, the platform 12 does not need to be moveable, as indicated above. Platform 12 may be a fixed tower that positions the PCD detector 18 at a vertical height above the surface 14. When the platform 12 is embodied as a fixed tower, the tower or platform 12 does not move relative to the ground surface 14; however, the PCD detector 18 is able to capture images at a first time T₁ and a subsequent second time T₂ as will be described in greater detail below. An exemplary application would be to apply this fixed platform 12 of the present disclosure to determine where shrapnel landed in the sand. Thus, if something explodes or if a bullet lands and it disturbs the surface of the sand, then the system of the present disclosure will see the change when its imager on the PCD detector 18 is observing the sandy surface. Furthermore, PCD detector 18 may be a handheld device.

In each type of platform 12, system 10 is able to effectively utilize the measurements from the PCD detector 18 to detect the presence of an object 16 in the subterranean aspect of the surface 14 (i.e., below the ground surface) in order to detect the same. As will be described in greater detail below, the system 10 utilizes measurements from the PCD detector 18 to detect small scale changes in the surface 14 by measuring changes in a polarization statistic CS' across the surface 14. Particularly, the PCD detector 18 measures the degree of linear polarization (DOLP) at the first time T₁ and the second time T₂ (and any other number of subsequent times T_(N)). Then, a processor 22 executes instructions that are stored in a memory or at least one non-transitory computer readable storage medium 24 to compute the change in DOLP across the surface 14 and detect surface changes by identifying regions of anomalously high changes in the DOLP (ΔDOLP) from the first time T₁ to the second time T₂. These anomalously high regions alert the system 10 of an object 16 buried below the surface 14.

Surface 14, in one particular embodiment, is a sandy surface formed, at least partially, from quartz, calcite, or both. Further, while FIG. 1 depicts surface 14 as being substantially horizontal, this is not intended as limiting. It is fully contemplated that system 10 may equally function in angled, inclined, or even vertical surfaces. Furthermore, it is possible that the present disclosure operate in conjunction with non-sand surfaces. Particularly, any surface can work in conjunction with system 10 provided that the surface changes DOLP in response to an external excitation or agitation. Thus, the surface 14 may be any natural or man-made surface, at any orientation, that changes its DOLP in response to an external stimulus.

Object 16 is buried or otherwise disposed, at least partially if not entirely, below the surface 14. In one particular embodiment, object 16 is a man-made object typically in a combat theater, such as a land mine. Particularly, one aspect of the present disclosure may utilize system 10 to detect buried land mines on a beach (i.e., a sandy surface 14). However, the present disclosure extends well beyond detecting land-mines on a beach. For example, the concepts of the present disclosure can be utilized to detect the presence of any object below a surface. Accordingly, the present disclosure may also be used to located man-made objects, such as tunnels. However, natural objects existing below the surface may also be detected. Furthermore, aspects of the present disclosure may apply system 10 to human biological detections systems configured to detect the presence of an object below the skin. Thus, while FIG. 1 depicts the object 16, generally as a landmine, it is to be understood that the object to be detected may be any object below a surface that causes a change in the surface polarization statistics.

The depth at which the object 16 is below the surface may vary. However, it is envisioned that lower powered acoustic sources 56 (FIG. 2B) will not necessarily be sufficient to detect objects located at deep depths. However, higher-powered acoustic sources may be more capable of detecting objects at greater depth. Aspects of the present disclosure contemplate that engineering capabilities would need to test and account for a balance in detection depth of the system 10 against the size, weight, and power requirement of the system 10. However, using a conventional laser 28 (FIG. 2A) and acoustic sources 56 (FIG. 2B) that is part of a laser interferometric sensor system 52 (FIG. 2B) should be able to detect object in a range from just below the surface to a depth of about 30 centimeters (cm) or more, however this detection depth capability also depends on the size and acoustic properties of the object 16 to be detected.

Storage medium 24 carried by platform 12 may be any non-transitory computer readable storage medium having instructions encoded thereon, that when executed by processor 22, implement operations to locate object 16 below surface 14. As will be described in greater detail below, the instructions on storage medium 24 control imaging components (i.e., sensors, cameras, imagers, lasers, and the like) on the platform 12 to obtain image pairs of the surface 14 at the first time T₁ and the second time T₂ and then to perform imagery analysis of the same using a change in the DOLP from the first image at T₁ to the second image at T₂. Further, the instructions determine whether anomalously high changes in DOLP indicate the presence of object 16 below the surface 14, and if so, generating an alert/signal indicating the same.

FIG. 2A schematically depicts a PCD detector 18. The PCD detector 18 may include a single camera having a first portion 26A and a second portion 26B. The first portion 26A of the camera or image sensor is configured to capture and sense a co-polarized channel and the second portion 26B is configured to image and sense a cross-polarized channel. While the PCD detector 18 includes a single camera that has the first portion 26A and the second portion 26B configured to image the co-polarized channel and cross-polarized channel, respectively, it is entirely possible that 26A may represent a first camera or imager and 26B may represent a second camera or imager such that a two-camera system could be utilized to accomplish the PCD detector 18 of the present disclosure. PCD detector 18 includes components, hardware, and/or logic, or both that which convert different circular or elliptical polarization states into linear polarization states distinguishable by DOLP.

PCD detector 18 may further include a laser transmitter 28 that generates a polarized laser beam 30 configured to contact the ground surface 14. PCD detector 18, as will be described in greater detail below, images and senses a return light signal 32. States otherwise, return light signal 32 is an reflected beam of electromagnetic radiation that is observed by the PCD detector 18. PCD detector 18 may further include a beam splitter 34 configured to split the reflected return light signal 32 into a co-polarized channel 36 and a cross-polarized channel 38. The co-polarized channel 36 is directed to the first portion 26A of the image sensor and the cross-polarized channel 38 is directed to the second portion 26B of the image sensor. Furthermore, while the laser transmitter 28 is depicted as being a part or within the PCD detector 18, it is to be understood that the laser transmitter 28 may be external to the PCD detector 18 or may be part of an existing legacy laser system carried by the platform 12 and could cooperate with the PCD detector 18 and does not need to be integrally formed therewith.

FIG. 2B depicts a combined detection assembly or system generally at 50. The combined detection assembly 50 may include the PCD detector 18 and a laser interferometric sensor (LIS) system 52. A reader of the present disclosure will have an understanding of laser interferometry and LIS systems 52. Accordingly, for brevity, the LIS system 52 is not discussed in greater detail. However, some exemplary LIS system(s) 52, which are commonly owned by the Applicant (at the time of filing), are detailed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,671,521 and 10,048,229, the entirety of each is incorporated herein by reference as if fully rewritten.

The PCD detector 18 and the LIS system 52 cooperate such that the combined LIS and PCD system or assembly 50 may have a common field of view 54 when carried by the platform 12 above the ground surface 14 to detect the buried object 16. The combined LIS and PCD system or assembly 50 may further include an acoustic modulator 56 configured to direct sound waves 58 or other disturbances towards the ground surface 14. In another embodiment, the combined LIS and PCD assembly 50 does not need to use an acoustic modulator 56 emitting sound waves 58, but rather may use a different type of modulation device that can impart a vibration to the buried object 16 in order to change the polarization of the surface 14 such that the reflected light 32 changes polarity between the first time T₁ and the subsequent second time T₂. The combined PCD and LIS assembly 50 may provide advantages over a lone LIS system 52 inasmuch as a LIS system 52 is very sensitive to small surface changes, but has difficulty measuring changes larger than a few times the laser illumination wavelength. Since the PCD detector 18 can measure changes much larger than the laser illumination wavelength, when the PCD detector 18 is used in combination with the LIS system 52, the overall combined LIS and PCD assembly 50 has an extended dynamic range than what a LIS system 52 would have alone. Further, a LIS system 52 already includes a laser transmitting source, such as laser transmitter 28 and the acoustic modulator 56. Thus, the PCD detector 18 may be integrated with a conventional or legacy LIS system 52 to form the combined LIS and PCD detection assembly 50 and take advantage of existing hardware (i.e., laser transmitter 28 and acoustic modulator 56) without significantly increasing size, weight, and power (SWaP) of the system 10 or the platform 12. The combined LIS and PCD detection assembly 50 may further provide an advantage of detecting the buried object 16 because the shape of the PCD signal above the buried object 16 represents a direct outline thereof. Thus, the PCD signal has different characteristics than the shape of the LIS shearogram image. Thus, using both the PCD detector 18 and the LIS system 52, namely, the images provided by the same, improves the overall system's ability to classify observed detections below the surface 14.

FIG. 2B depicts that PCD detector 18 and the LIS system 52 may be collocated to define the combined PCD and LIS detection assembly 50. While it may be advantageous to collocate the PCD detector 18 and LIS system 52 into the combined assembly 50, it is not mandatory. The components of the combined detection assembly 50 may be segregated and the system 10 would still function. However, in order to reduce SWaP parameters, it is likely desirable to collocate the PCD detector 18 and the LIS system 52. Towards this end, PCD detector 18 and LIS system 52 would likely share the same field of view 54. However, the system 10 would still be operable if the two respective images from the PCD detector 18 and the LIS system 52 did not share a similar field of view. In this instance, more processing and algorithms would be necessary to line up the respective images so that combined system 50 could provide PCD results and LIS results to the operator.

FIG. 3A depicts an enlarged diagrammatic view of the surface 14. In this instance, the surface 14 is fabricated from sand, such as sand comprising quartz or calcite. The enlarged view in FIG. 3A depicts the footprint of four pixels, where each pixel footprint is approximately the size of a few grains of sand. Here, a first pixel footprint is represented by 60A, a second footprint 60B, a third footprint 60C, and a fourth footprint 60D. Each pixel footprint, respectively, has an arrow representing the polarization angle of the reflected light 32 based on the arrangement or angle of the grains of sand. The first angle of reflected light 62A is different than the second angle 62B of reflected light, which is different than the third angle 62C of reflected light which is different from the fourth angle 62D of reflected light. The high resolution of PCD detector 18 enables a single or small number of grains of sand, to occupy or approximate a single pixel in each sampled image. The polarization angles 62A-62D of the reflected light 32 are a function of the random orientation of the sand grains 60A-60D. The resultant reflected signal of the incident light 32 is randomly polarized (i.e., each pixel has a random polarization angle). This randomly polarized effect is particularly pronounced for quartz and calcite sands due to the birefringence of the individual grains of sand.

FIG. 3B represents a scenario where the resolution is not as great and many grains of sand are represented in a single pixel. Because each pixel integrates over many polarization angles, the resultant signal is unpolarized such that the degree of linear polarization averages to zero for each pixel. In general lower resolution (larger pixel footprint) decrease the pixel to pixel polarization difference in the reflected signal, thereby decreasing the sensitivity of polarization change delectation.

FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B diagrammatically represent that the calculation of the polarization angle of the reflected light 32 is utilized by the system 10. Particularly, the system 10 may determine degree on linear polarization (DOLP) for each pixel. The DOLP for each pixel at each respective time is calculated by the following formula:

$\begin{matrix} {{DOLP} = \frac{{copol} - {xpol}}{{copol} + {xpol}}} & \left( {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1} \right) \end{matrix}$

wherein copol refers to the co-polarization channel 36 and xpol refers to the cross-polarization channel 38. It should be noted that any statistic that measures the degree and or direction of the linear polarization of each pixel may be used in place of DOLP. Stated otherwise, the system 10, namely, one of the processors determines processor determines a statistic associated with the DOLP. For example, one of the processors determines processor determines a statistic S, where S is some measure of the degree and/or direction of the linear polarization and in computed for a plurality of image pixels. In one particular embodiment, this is done for every image pixel. Further, the statistic S may be, but is not required to be, the degree of linear polarization (DOLP). In other examples, the processor may determine the statistic S, which may represent measures of frequency pertaining to the reflected signal or other signals; or may represent measures of tendency pertaining to the reflected signal or other signals; or may represent measures of dispersion or variation pertaining to the reflected signal or other signals; or may represent measures of measures of position pertaining to the reflected signal or other signals; and the like.

FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B represent the fundamental application of the system 10 of the present disclosure in which the PCD detector 18 is used to detect small surface changes. FIG. 4A represents the surface 14 before the surface has changed and FIG. 4B represents a time subsequent to when the surface 14 has changed. As such, the surface 14 is shown canted or angled in FIG. 4B relative to the generally horizontal surface 14 depicted in FIG. 4A. The incoming polarized laser beam 30 impacts a region 64 on the surface 14 at a time T₁. The incident reflection beam 32 is transmitted back to the PCD detector 18. FIG. 4B indicates that the laser beam 30 is still contacting the region 64 of the surface 14 after the surface 14 has tilted or otherwise moved. When the incident light hits the surface 14 and the surface 14 tilts, the reflected incident light from the surface 14 at the location that has been tilted will have a different polarization content. Thus, the system of the present disclosure is used to detect small surface changes which may be the result of shifting or tilting of the surface 14 and to measure the DOLP of the surface 14 at two times relative to the surface change. Such small surface changes may occur on the surface above a buried object, which has been induced to vibrate by application of an external acoustic source or by some other means.

There are two exemplary formulas that may be used to compute the change in DOLP (ΔDOLP). The first method may use the following formula:

ΔDOLP_(method1)=(DOLP(T ₁)−DOLP(T ₂))  (Equation 2)

It is sometimes useful to work with just the magnitude of ΔDOLP:

ΔDOLP_(method2)=√{square root over ((DOLP(T ₁)−DOLP(T ₂))²)}  (Equation 3)

For signal strength calculations it may be most useful to work with the square of the ΔDOLP defined by the following formula:

ΔDOLP²=(DOLP(T ₁)−DOLP(T ₂))²  (Equation 4)

Processing logic in system 10 may apply a low pass filter, as well as spatial averaging to determine ΔDOLP. The regions of the image where the average ΔDOLP or ΔDOLP² is large indicates regions where the surface has changed. This conforms to the presence of a resonating buried object. In one particular embodiment, a processor, such as processor 22 working in conjunction with memory 24, executes instructions to determine the change in DOLP in accordance with the formulas discussed above. The output from the processor is a signal generated from the change in DOLP or the average change in DOLP to alert the presence of an object buried in the surface 14.

FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B represent exemplary cross-sections of images. Particularly, FIG. 5A represents an exemplary cross-section of an image at a first time T₁. FIG. 5B represents an exemplary cross-section of an image at a subsequent second time T₂ indicating that a region 66 of the surface 14 has changed. In this particular instance, the region 66 indicates that the surface 14 has increased its profile height. DOLP images are generated (according to equation 1) for the first time (FIG. 5A) and the second time (FIG. 56). These images are combined (according to equation 2 or equation 3) to generate a ΔDOLP image. Equivalently the images can be combined with equation 4 to generate a ΔDOLP² image. FIG. 5C represents an image depicting ΔDOLP from the first image of FIG. 5A to the second image of FIG. 5B. The background region 68 provides a ΔDOLP equal to or approximating zero, as indicated by absence of shading in the background region 68. The target central region 70 indicates that the raised region 66 identifies a change in the surface 14.

Both DOLP(T₁) and DOLP(T₂) can be described by normal distributions with mean (p) and standard deviation (a). If a suitable high pass filter operation is applied to the raw copol and xpol images then the mean of the DOLP images p goes to zero. The system may define the DOLP image of the target for a changed region as DOLP_(T) (region 70 in FIG. 5C) and the DOLP image of the background (unchanged) region as DOLP_(B) (region 68 in FIG. 5C). Making these same definitions for the first time T₁, and the subsequent time T₂, there are four DOLP quantities of interests: DOLP_(T)(T₁), DOLP_(T)(T₂), DOLP_(B)(T₁) and DOLP_(B)(T₂); each of these four quantities will be normally with mean p=0, and standard deviation a. Thus even in the target region, where the surface changes going from T₁ to T₂, the DOLP remains normally distributed with the same mean and standard deviation as before. The target and background DOLP regions, however, have different degrees of correlation between their T₁ to T₂ distributions.

The correlation coefficient between DOLP(T₁)_(T) and DOLP(T₂)_(T) is defined as p_(T). The correlation coefficient between DOLP(T₁)_(B) and DOLP(T₂)_(T) is defined as p_(B). The PCD signal strength, ΔDOLP² in the target region (ΔDOLP² _(T)) relative to ΔDOLP² in the background region (ΔDOLP² _(B)), can be described in terms of these two correlation coefficients.

With respect to the statistics of the signal, there are implications for ΔDOLP. Namely, the variance of the difference of two correlated normal distributions (1 and 2) is σ²=σ₁ ²+σ₂ ²−2ρσ₁σ₂, where p is the correlation coefficient.

The ΔDOLP distribution over the target is identified by the mean μ_(T)=0 and the standard deviation σ_(T)=√{square root over (2(1−ρ_(T))σ²)}.

The ΔDOLP distribution over the Background is identified by the mean μ_(B)=0 and the standard deviation σ_(B)=√{square root over (2(1−β_(B))σ²)}.

With respect to an exemplary method of operation of the present disclosure, system 10 may use a function of ΔDOLP, for example F=ΔDOLP² where ΔDOLP² is defined in Equation 3. The target signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is then SNR_(F)=μ_(FT)−μ_(FB)/σ_(FB). Wherein μ_(FT), μ_(FB), and σ_(FB) are the mean over the target, the mean over the background region 68, and the standard deviation of the background region 68 all computed over the ΔDOLP² image, respectively.

The F=ΔDOLP² example function yields the following formulas:

$\begin{matrix} {\mu_{FT} = {2\left( {1 - \rho_{T}} \right)\sigma^{2}}} & \left( {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 5} \right) \\ {and} & \; \\ {\mu_{FB} = {2\left( {1 - \rho_{B}} \right)\sigma^{2}}} & \left( {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 6} \right) \\ {and} & \; \\ {\sigma_{FT} = {2\sqrt{2}{\sigma^{2}\left( {1 - \rho_{B}} \right)}}} & \left( {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 7} \right) \\ {{yielding}\text{:}} & \; \\ {{SNR} = {\frac{2{\sigma^{2}\left( {\rho_{B} - \rho_{T}} \right)}}{2\sqrt{2{\sigma^{2}\left( {1 - \rho_{B}} \right)}}} = \frac{\left( {\rho_{B} - \rho_{T}} \right)}{\sqrt{2}\left( {1 - \rho_{B}} \right)}}} & \left( {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 8} \right) \end{matrix}$

Where Equation 8 in interpreted as the single pixel SNR.

The Signal to Noise Ratio can be estimated with two parameters: ρ_(T), and p_(B). A finite signal exists as long as ρ_(T) differs from ρ_(B), which is equivalent to the statement that the change in DOLP over the target region must differ from the change in DOLP over the background region.

For large changes ρ_(t)→0 and

$\left. {SNR}\rightarrow{\frac{\left( \rho_{B} \right)}{\sqrt{2}\left( {1 - \rho_{B}} \right)}.} \right.$

Correlation of the background region 68 must be preserved (i.e., large p_(B)) in order to achieve the maximum SNR signal.

FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B identify the first set of polarization images in accordance with a first test. FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B represent a second set of images from the first test. Thus, the images from FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B and the images from FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B define an image pair. More particularly, the image of FIG. 6A is a co-polarization channel image 72A at the first time T₁. FIG. 7B is an image 72B of the co-polarization channel at a second subsequent time T₂. FIG. 6B represents an image 74A in the cross-polarization channel at the first time T₁. FIG. 7B represents an image 74B in the cross-polarization channel at the subsequent second time T₂. The test target 76 is a region that is an undisturbed sand surface at the first time T₁. In the first image 72A, 74A, the sand surface is undisturbed within the test target region 76. Then, a user manipulated the sand surface within the test target region 76 be drawing a line in the sand, causing a disturbance in the surface of a few millimeters in height. Then, the second set of images identified in FIGS. 7A and 7B were obtained after the line was drawn in the sand surface.

FIG. 8A depicts the DOLP before the line in the sand surface 14 was drawn, and is computed with Equation 1, using a high pass filtered co-polarization channel image (FIG. 6A) and a high pass filtered cross-polarization channel image (FIG. 6B). FIG. 8B and depicts the DOLP after the line in the sand surface 14 was drawn, and is computed with Equation 1, using a high pass filtered co-polarization channel image (FIG. 7A) and a high pass filtered cross-polarization channel image (FIG. 7B).

FIG. 9A represents the ΔDOLP² from the first time to the second time. The ΔDOLP² clearly identifies the line in the sand 78. The experimental procedures identified through the images in FIG. 6A through FIG. 9B were accomplished through the following test procedures. The PCD detector 18 first captured a co-polarization image of the target region 76. Then, the PCD detector 18 took a cross-polarized image of the target region 76. Then, the test region 76 was altered. In this scenario, the manner in which the test region 76 was altered was accomplished by drawing a line in the sand. Subsequent to altering the target region 76, the PCD detector 18 captured an image of the co-polarized channel of the target region 76. Then, the PCD detector 18 captured an image in the cross-polarized channel of the target region 76. The data from the images obtained had a high pass filter applied to each image. The step of applying a high pass filter to image may be added to enhance the signal carrying high spatial frequency (random polarization) content of the image. The high pass filter may be accomplished through image processing tools and programs. Then, the processor calculates the (before) and (after) degree of linear polarization (DOLP1, DOLP2). System 10 uses the formula of Equation 1 to calculate the before and after degree of linear polarization. The method of the present disclosure may then continue in two separate manners. First, the method may calculate and filter the ΔDOLP. This may be accomplished through the following formula:

ΔDOLP² =median filter(ΔDOLP²)  (Equation 9)

Alternatively, the system may calculate and filter a DOLP ratio (FIG. 9B) through the following formula:

$\begin{matrix} {{DOLP}_{Ratio} = {{median}\mspace{14mu} {filter}\mspace{14mu} \left( \frac{{DOLP}\; 2}{{DOLP}\; 1} \right)}} & \left( {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 10} \right) \end{matrix}$

FIG. 10A through FIG. 13B represent a second experimental test. In this particular example, the before images in the co-polarization channel and the cross-polarization channel are identical to those in FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B. FIG. 11A represents an image 80 in the co-polarization channel similar to image 72B taken at a time after the test region 76 has been altered. Similarly, image 82 in FIG. 11B represents the image in the cross-polarization channel after the test region 76 has been altered. In this second experiment, the manner in which the test region 76 was altered was accomplished by a small plunger that depressed the surface in the test region 76 a small distance of 15 um (μ). FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B depict the high pass filtered DOLP before and after the plunger has depressed the small region a distance of 15 micrometers, respectively. FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B depict the change in DOLP after the plunger depressed the region 84 a distance of about 15 micrometers; where FIG. 13A depicts the ΔDOLP² and FIG. 13B depicts DOLP_(Ratio). The experiment results indicated that the PCD detector 18 is able to observe a change in the surface 14, namely, the depression 84, which was a change of about 15 micrometers (μm).

FIG. 14A through FIG. 17B represent a third experimental test. In this particular example, the before images in the co-polarization channel and the cross-polarization channel (FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B) are identical to those in FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B. FIG. 15A represents an image 86 in the co-polarization channel similar to image 72B taken at a time after the test region 76 has been altered. Similarly, image 90 in FIG. 15B represents the image in the cross-polarization channel after the test region 76 has been altered. In this third experiment, the manner in which the test region 76 was altered was accomplished by a small plunger that depressed the surface in the test region 76 a small distance of 8 um (μ). FIG. 16A and FIG. 16B depict the high pass filtered DOLP before and after the plunger has depressed the small region a distance of 8 micrometers, respectively. FIG. 17A and FIG. 17B depict the change in DOLP after the plunger depressed the region 84 a distance of about 8 micrometers; where FIG. 17A depicts the ΔDOLP² and FIG. 17B depicts DOLP_(Ratio). The experiment results indicated that the PCD detector 18 is able to observe a change in the surface 14, namely, the depression 88, which was a change of about 8 micrometers (μm).

Collectively, the ΔDOLP images identified in FIG. 9A-FIG. 9B, FIG. 13A-FIG. 13B, and FIG. 17A-FIG. 17B identify that the calculations and system of the present disclosure may be utilized to identify changes or disturbances in the surface 14 that occur on a macro level (a line drawn in the sand; i.e., many millimeters or even a meter) and on a micro level (down to about 8 micrometers of change). While the experimental test results achieved success of identifying a change in the surface down to about 8 micrometers, it is contemplated that the present disclosure may be utilized for detection in the surface change on the order of about a micron or a few times the laser illumination wavelength. So long as the change in the surface 14 alters the polarization of the reflected light 32 between the first time T₁ and the second subsequent time T₂, detection remains possible.

Having thus described the components of the present disclosure, reference is now made to the operation of system 10 and how the present disclosure supplements and improves upon buried object detection systems.

One exemplary problem that persists that the present disclosure seeks to remedy is to improve upon LIS-based buried object detection systems. Another problem that the present disclosure addresses is providing a solution that has a higher amplitude ground displacement in its detection. Another problem that the present disclosure addresses is the general buried object change detection. Thus, the present disclosure provides an alternate method of observing surface vibration differences above a buried object in order to detect the same.

The present disclosure remotely detects changes induced by a buried object as the ground or surface 14 above the target 16 vibrates, moves, or alters. Alternatively, the target does not need to vibrate, rather, an external load may be applied to the ground surface to cause a change above the buried object so that the system of the present disclosure can detect the same. For example, the ground may be shaken or may be acoustically excited, thermally excited, or excited through an electromagnetic radiation spectrum. In each instance, as the ground surface changes above the buried object changes, the polarization signal of the ground above the buried object changes as well, thus enabling the object to be detected.

In operation and with respect to FIG. 2A, a pair of images is taken at time T₁ and a subsequent time T₂. The PCD detector 18 or a processor 22 executing instructions from at least one non-transitory computer readable storage medium 24 then computes the DOLP for each image pair with both polarization channels as input. Then, the system 10 computes the ΔDOLP² from Equation 4. The PCD detector 18 may not need two cameras to respectively measure the co-polarized channel 36 and the cross-polarized channel 38. Rather, polarization image sensors (i.e., PCD detector(s) 18) have vastly improved in recent years and there are many types of polarization image sensors that can measure the co-polarization and cross-polarization channel in a single device. For example, recent polarization cameras can now measure four polarization directions (i.e., 0°, 45°, 90° and 135° relative to the incident polarization direction) in one imaging device with new mass-produced focal planes. Thus, the PCD detector 18 of the present disclosure may be a single camera with a Bayer pattern polarization filter. Stated otherwise, the PCD detector 18 can be any image sensor that measures at least two linear polarization channels on the return signal beam or reflected light 32. The PCD detector 18 of FIG. 2A takes image pairs at different times and the time separating the first image from the second image is sufficient for affecting the disturbance on the ground so that a change in the degree of linear polarization statistic can be determined.

The present disclosure utilizes the PCD detector 18 to detect small changes in a sand (or soil) covered surface 14 by measuring changes in a polarization statistic across the surface. The present disclosure utilizes the PCD detector 18 to detect small surface changes by measuring the DOLP in a first image at the first time T₁. This may be done by using an imaging device capable of measuring DOLP of the surface at high resolutions, wherein high resolution refers to about one millimeter such that a small number of grains of sand approximates the size of a single pixel. Then, a change to the surface is induced. The change to the surface above which the object is buried may be accomplished in a number of ways. For example, the change may be sonically induced through the use of acoustic waves or the change may be physically induced by wind or shaking the surface or any means which causes the buried target to move or vibrate. Then, the system uses the PCD to repeat the measurement and detect the degree of linear polarization at a subsequent second time T₂. In some instances, the change in time from T₁ to T₂ may be very small. For example, the difference between T₂ and T₁ may be on the order of about one millisecond. The system then determines the change in the statistic by calculating the change in the DOLP between time T₂ and time T₁. Namely, system 10 may use either Equation 9 to compute ΔDOLP² or Equation 10 to determine DOLP_(Ratio), which is used to detect surface changes indicative of an object 16 below surface 14 by identifying regions of anomalously high changes in the DOLP.

In one particular embodiment, the polarized light source is a polarized laser that is used to illuminate the sand-covered surface above the buried object. Further, an imager may be used that enables the DOLP to be measured at time T₁. In one particular embodiment, the image sensor of PCD detector 18 is a polarimetric sensor or polarimeter. The polarimetric sensor measures the polarization of the return signal 32 in multiple directions and then this process is repeated at the second subsequent time T₂. Then, the system determines the ΔDOLP between T₁ and T₂. Any place in the combined/merged images from PCD detector 18 where there is an anomalously high change in the DOLP statistic identifies the location of the buried object. It should be noted that while the polarized laser has been explained in this example, it is to be entirely understood and within the scope of the present disclosure that any polarized light source could be utilized to illuminate the sand-covered surface or soil surface covering the buried object. For example, a white light source could be utilized with a polarization filter in front of its optics or as part of its optics. However, it is contemplated that the strongest signal to noise ratio (SNR) would be accomplished via a monochromatic polarized laser beam.

In operation and with reference to FIG. 2B, The PCD detector 18 captures images at the first time T₁ and the second time T₂ are collected simultaneously with the LIS images, namely, a first LIS image and a fourth LIS image (assuming a four-shot phase resolved LIS system). As can be determined from FIG. 2B, this exemplary detection assembly 50 employs an acoustic modulator 56 to induce vibration in a buried object 16 and uses shearographic sensing and PCD sensing to detect the resulting surface deformation. However, other sources may be utilized that induce vibration of the surface above the buried object. In one particular embodiment, the combined detection assembly 50 identified in FIG. 2B may be utilized to processes an LIS image and a corresponding PCD image for every shot pair. Then, the detection algorithm looks to supplement one with the other, even though they may be processed together. The detection algorithm or processes implemented by assembly 50 may further determine how to weight the LIS image against the PCD image. For example, if there is a very high SNR in the PCD detector 18 and there is a low SNR in the LIS receiver, then the detection process or algorithm may hypothesize that there may be a large amplitude target beneath the surface. In another exemplary embodiment, the results of the combined LIS and PCD processing may be utilized to queue a secondary observation to determine whether the object 16 is present. Then, the detection assembly 50 can return with the LIS receiver operating with altered settings to improve the LIS detection.

In accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure, there are several possible applications of PCD detector 18 wherein detecting small changes to sand or soil-covered surface is useful. Some of these exemplary applications include an enhanced buried object detection system, when the system of the present disclosure is used in combination with a laser interferometric sensor shearography system. Another potential application utilizes small object tracking or surface disturbance detection. Some exemplary advantages using the PCD to enhance the capabilities of LIS shearography buried mine and improvised explosive device (IED) detection systems include that LIS systems are very sensitive to small surface changes, but typically have difficulty in measuring changes larger than few times the laser illumination wavelength. The PCD system of the present disclosure may measure changes much larger than the laser illumination wavelength. When the PCD system of the present disclosure is used in combination with a LIS shearography system, the combined assembly extends the dynamic range of the entire system. In one particular embodiment, the PCD system of the present disclosure may utilize existing illumination sources that are present in conventional LIS shearography systems.

Thus, the present disclosure can be considered an add-on or additional kit or retrofit kit that may be applied to a legacy LIS shearography system to increase the dynamic range of the LIS shearography system. The dynamic range is increased by enabling detection of a change in the polarization of the surface material after being illuminated or otherwise disturbed to result in a change greater than multiple wavelengths of the illumination source. In one exemplary aspect, the metrics of how much the surface has been changed may not be provided to the system, but rather the system can detect that a change has occurred. Analysis of the signal strength details in the LIS and PCD channels may be used to estimate the magnitude of the surface change. Thus, this effectively enhances the surface heights estimation capability of a combined system having the PCD detector 18 of the present disclosure and an LIS system 52.

Some additional exemplary advantages utilized by the PCD detector 18 of the present disclosure may enable the shape of the PCD signal above a moving buried object to represent a direct outline of that object. Thus, the resultant outline has different characteristics than the shape of an LIS shearogram image. Thus, using both the PCD sensor of the present disclosure and LIS imagery improves the entire system's ability to classify observed detection. Another exemplary non-limiting advantage of the present disclosure is that a system that uses both a PCD sensor and LIS data will have improved Probability of Detection (PD) and decreased Probability of False Alarm (PFA) relative to a system using LIS alone. Further, another advantage is that size, weight and power of the overall system is not greatly increased as both the PCD detector 18 and the LIS system use the same laser transmitter and acoustic excitation sources.

In operation and with reference to FIGS. 5A-5C, system 10 maps the ΔDOLP² and in a region 66 where the surface 14 changed, the system will determine whether there is an anomalously large ΔDOLP². Regions that are unchanged (background region 68) exhibit a high degree of correlation in the distribution of the DOLP statistic between times T1 and T2, whereas regions that are changed (target region 70) exhibit a low degree of correlation (high degree of decorrelation) of the DOLP statistic over the same time interval. As shown in Equation 8 the SNR of the signal increases with increasing background correlation (ρ_(B)) and decreasing target correlation (ρ_(T)). Even if no specific changes are induced, the background correlation tends to decrease as the time interval (ΔT) increases, due to, among other causes, sensor noise and environment effects. Thus, background consideration favor operating with a small ΔT in order to increase SNR. Statistics over the target region however, can remain correlated if ΔT is chosen so small that surface changes do not fully develop, thereby reducing SNR. Thus, ΔT should be equal to a time scale in which the ground surface changes, but no longer. For a system where an acoustic agitator is utilized, ΔT should therefore be set approximately equal to the period of the sound wave in order to optimize SNR. This may be accomplished via a timer or timing logic, which may be part of processor 22, to measure a change in time (ΔT) from T1 to T2, wherein ΔT approximate one period of the acoustic wave. FIG. 5C represents the background region as being a white area in which surface 14 has not changed resulting a highly correlated polarization statistic (DOLP) over ΔT and a target central region 70 that is shaded in which surface 14 has changed resulting a highly uncorrelated polarization statistic over ΔT.

The processor 22 may generate a signal in response to the mean ΔDOLP² to alert the presence of the object below the surface. In one exemplary embodiment, the processor generates the signal when the ΔDOLP² exceeds a threshold level so as to be considered an anomaly or “anomalously high.” In one example, an anomalously high ΔDOLP² may be a change of X % or more relative to some running average value as determined by the needs of the system. Thus, in one non-limiting and extremely basic example, if the running average ΔDOLP² equaled 1 and the current ΔDOLP² equaled 3 (change in ΔDOLP²=3/1=300%), then this may generate a signal indicating an anomaly and alert an operator of the likelihood of the object 16 below surface 14.

In another example, the threshold level for an anomalously high ΔDOLP² refers to a sensitivity setting that an operator sets on the detection system 10. System 10 enables an operator to adjust the threshold level of an anomalously high ΔDOLP² depending on what objects 16 the system 10 is trying to detect and how many false alarms the system 10 is willing to tolerate. In general, system 10 would apply standard image processing techniques to identify a region of high SNR within a ΔDOLP² image. A general approach is as follows (assume that the total image is much larger than the expected target size). First, apply a spatial smoothing filter over the ΔDOLP² image where the filter kernel size K is approximately equal to the expected target size, thereby filtering for features of the expected target size. Then rescale the image to standard deviation units above the mean (sometimes referred to as an “anomaly detector image” A). This is accomplished as follows: if F is the filtered ΔDOLP² image, and ρF and σF are the mean and standard deviation of F respectively, then the anomaly image A is A=abs[(F−ρF)/σF]. Then, set a Threshold (Th) and declare any region of sufficient size where the average value of A>Th a target region 70. The lower the threshold Th, the lower the threshold for detection. For example, after smoothing with a 13-pixel×13-pixel filter kernel and conversion to an anomaly image A, the mean of the target region 88 in the third test simulation (FIG. 17A) is 5.9. This indicates that that the processed target region is 5.9 standard deviations above the background, and could be detected with a threshold setting of Th≤5.9.

While the system 10 described herein has been discussed as being useful for detecting objects buried beneath sand, it is to be understood that other surface substrates could be utilized so long as the substrate material has some random polarization. For example, soil may work as long as there are multiple random scatterings of polarization for the reflected light beam 32. However, soil or other dirt may have a lower SNR than sand even though it could still be possible to utilize the same. For example other surfaces that can be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure include human skin. For example, human skin is known to depolarize light in a random fashion. Thus, the system of the present disclosure could be utilized to assist in the detection of an object beneath the surface of human skin.

FIG. 18 depicts an exemplary subsurface object detection method of the present disclosure generally at 1800. Method 1800 may relate to detecting object(s) 16 below the surface 14. In one exemplary aspect, method 1800 may include illuminating a surface with polarized electromagnetic waves, which is shown generally at 1802. Method 1800 may further include capturing, with the polarization change detection (PCD) detector 18, a first image of the surface 14 at a first time (T₁), which is shown generally at 1804. Method 1800 may further include determining a DOLP for the first image from polarized reflected light 32 from the surface 14, which is shown generally at 1806. Method 1800 may further include capturing, with the PCD detector 18, a second image at a second time (T₂), which is shown generally at 1808. Method 1800 may further include determining the DOLP of the second image for the second image from polarized reflected light from the surface, which is shown generally at 1810. Method 180 may further include determining, by a processor, a change in DOLP (ΔDOLP or ΔDOLP²) from the first image to the second image, which is shown generally at 1812. Method 1800 may further include comparing, by a processor, regions in the second image that have a ΔDOLP that exceeds a threshold, which is shown generally at 1814. Method 1800 may further include generating, by a processor, signal in response to the ΔDOLP (or ΔDOLP²) that exceeds the threshold to alert the presence of an object below the surface, which is shown generally at 1816. Furthermore, while portions of method 1800 are accomplished “by a processor” it is to be understood that these steps may be performed by a single processor, such as processor 22, or these may be performed separately or independently by multiple processors, of which processor 22 may or may not be one of the multiple processors.

Various inventive concepts may be embodied as one or more methods, of which an example has been provided. The acts performed as part of the method may be ordered in any suitable way. Accordingly, embodiments may be constructed in which acts are performed in an order different than illustrated, which may include performing some acts simultaneously, even though shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments.

While various inventive embodiments have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the function and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the inventive embodiments described herein. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the inventive teachings is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific inventive embodiments described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, inventive embodiments may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. Inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the inventive scope of the present disclosure.

The above-described embodiments can be implemented in any of numerous ways. For example, embodiments of technology disclosed herein may be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination thereof. When implemented in software, the software code or instructions can be executed on any suitable processor or collection of processors, whether provided in a single computer or distributed among multiple computers. Furthermore, the instructions or software code can be stored in at least one non-transitory computer readable storage medium.

Also, a computer or smartphone utilized to execute the software code or instructions via its processors may have one or more input and output devices. These devices can be used, among other things, to present a user interface. Examples of output devices that can be used to provide a user interface include printers or display screens for visual presentation of output and speakers or other sound generating devices for audible presentation of output. Examples of input devices that can be used for a user interface include keyboards, and pointing devices, such as mice, touch pads, and digitizing tablets. As another example, a computer may receive input information through speech recognition or in other audible format.

Such computers or smartphones may be interconnected by one or more networks in any suitable form, including a local area network or a wide area network, such as an enterprise network, and intelligent network (IN) or the Internet. Such networks may be based on any suitable technology and may operate according to any suitable protocol and may include wireless networks, wired networks or fiber optic networks.

The various methods or processes outlined herein may be coded as software/instructions that is executable on one or more processors that employ any one of a variety of operating systems or platforms. Additionally, such software may be written using any of a number of suitable programming languages and/or programming or scripting tools, and also may be compiled as executable machine language code or intermediate code that is executed on a framework or virtual machine.

In this respect, various inventive concepts may be embodied as a computer readable storage medium (or multiple computer readable storage media) (e.g., a computer memory, one or more floppy discs, compact discs, optical discs, magnetic tapes, flash memories, USB flash drives, SD cards, circuit configurations in Field Programmable Gate Arrays or other semiconductor devices, or other non-transitory medium or tangible computer storage medium) encoded with one or more programs that, when executed on one or more computers or other processors, perform methods that implement the various embodiments of the disclosure discussed above. The computer readable medium or media can be transportable, such that the program or programs stored thereon can be loaded onto one or more different computers or other processors to implement various aspects of the present disclosure as discussed above.

The terms “program” or “software” or “instructions” are used herein in a generic sense to refer to any type of computer code or set of computer-executable instructions that can be employed to program a computer or other processor to implement various aspects of embodiments as discussed above. Additionally, it should be appreciated that according to one aspect, one or more computer programs that when executed perform methods of the present disclosure need not reside on a single computer or processor, but may be distributed in a modular fashion amongst a number of different computers or processors to implement various aspects of the present disclosure.

Computer-executable instructions may be in many forms, such as program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments.

Also, data structures may be stored in computer-readable media in any suitable form. For simplicity of illustration, data structures may be shown to have fields that are related through location in the data structure. Such relationships may likewise be achieved by assigning storage for the fields with locations in a computer-readable medium that convey relationship between the fields. However, any suitable mechanism may be used to establish a relationship between information in fields of a data structure, including through the use of pointers, tags or other mechanisms that establish relationship between data elements.

All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of the defined terms.

“Logic”, as used herein, includes but is not limited to hardware, firmware, software and/or combinations of each to perform a function(s) or an action(s), and/or to cause a function or action from another logic, method, and/or system. For example, based on a desired application or needs, logic may include a software controlled microprocessor, discrete logic like a processor (e.g., microprocessor), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmed logic device, a memory device containing instructions, an electric device having a memory, or the like. Logic may include one or more gates, combinations of gates, or other circuit components. Logic may also be fully embodied as software. Where multiple logics are described, it may be possible to incorporate the multiple logics into one physical logic. Similarly, where a single logic is described, it may be possible to distribute that single logic between multiple physical logics.

Furthermore, the logic(s) presented herein for accomplishing various methods of this system may be directed towards improvements in existing computer-centric or internet-centric technology that may not have previous analog versions. The logic(s) may provide specific functionality directly related to structure that addresses and resolves some problems identified herein. The logic(s) may also provide significantly more advantages to solve these problems by providing an exemplary inventive concept as specific logic structure and concordant functionality of the method and system. Furthermore, the logic(s) may also provide specific computer implemented rules that improve on existing technological processes. The logic(s) provided herein extends beyond merely gathering data, analyzing the information, and displaying the results. Further, portions or all of the present disclosure may rely on underlying equations that are derived from the specific arrangement of the equipment or components as recited herein. Thus, portions of the present disclosure as it relates to the specific arrangement of the components are not directed to abstract ideas. Furthermore, the present disclosure and the appended claims present teachings that involve more than performance of well-understood, routine, and conventional activities previously known to the industry. In some of the method or process of the present disclosure, which may incorporate some aspects of natural phenomenon, the process or method steps are additional features that are new and useful.

The articles “a” and “an,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.” The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims (if at all), should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and/or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc. As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and/or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and/or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of” or “exactly one of,” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of,” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. “one or the other but not both”) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either,” “one of,” “only one of,” or “exactly one of.” “Consisting essentially of,” when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.

When a feature or element is herein referred to as being “on” another feature or element, it can be directly on the other feature or element or intervening features and/or elements may also be present. In contrast, when a feature or element is referred to as being “directly on” another feature or element, there are no intervening features or elements present. It will also be understood that, when a feature or element is referred to as being “connected”, “attached” or “coupled” to another feature or element, it can be directly connected, attached or coupled to the other feature or element or intervening features or elements may be present. In contrast, when a feature or element is referred to as being “directly connected”, “directly attached” or “directly coupled” to another feature or element, there are no intervening features or elements present. Although described or shown with respect to one embodiment, the features and elements so described or shown can apply to other embodiments. It will also be appreciated by those of skill in the art that references to a structure or feature that is disposed “adjacent” another feature may have portions that overlap or underlie the adjacent feature.

Spatially relative terms, such as “under”, “below”, “lower”, “over”, “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if a device in the figures is inverted, elements described as “under” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “over” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “under” can encompass both an orientation of over and under. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. Similarly, the terms “upwardly”, “downwardly”, “vertical”, “horizontal”, “lateral” and the like are used herein for the purpose of explanation only unless specifically indicated otherwise.

Although the terms “first” and “second” may be used herein to describe various features/elements, these features/elements should not be limited by these terms, unless the context indicates otherwise. These terms may be used to distinguish one feature/element from another feature/element. Thus, a first feature/element discussed herein could be termed a second feature/element, and similarly, a second feature/element discussed herein could be termed a first feature/element without departing from the teachings of the present invention.

An embodiment is an implementation or example of the present disclosure. Reference in the specification to “an embodiment,” “one embodiment,” “some embodiments,” “one particular embodiment,” “an exemplary embodiment,” or “other embodiments,” or the like, means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiments is included in at least some embodiments, but not necessarily all embodiments, of the invention. The various appearances “an embodiment,” “one embodiment,” “some embodiments,” “one particular embodiment,” “an exemplary embodiment,” or “other embodiments,” or the like, are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiments.

If this specification states a component, feature, structure, or characteristic “may”, “might”, or “could” be included, that particular component, feature, structure, or characteristic is not required to be included. If the specification or claim refers to “a” or “an” element, that does not mean there is only one of the element. If the specification or claims refer to “an additional” element, that does not preclude there being more than one of the additional element.

As used herein in the specification and claims, including as used in the examples and unless otherwise expressly specified, all numbers may be read as if prefaced by the word “about” or “approximately,” even if the term does not expressly appear. The phrase “about” or “approximately” may be used when describing magnitude and/or position to indicate that the value and/or position described is within a reasonable expected range of values and/or positions. For example, a numeric value may have a value that is +/−0.1% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−1% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−2% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−5% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−10% of the stated value (or range of values), etc. Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein.

Additionally, the method of performing the present disclosure may occur in a sequence different than those described herein. Accordingly, no sequence of the method should be read as a limitation unless explicitly stated. It is recognizable that performing some of the steps of the method in a different order could achieve a similar result.

In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all transitional phrases such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” “holding,” “composed of,” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures.

In the foregoing description, certain terms have been used for brevity, clearness, and understanding. No unnecessary limitations are to be implied therefrom beyond the requirement of the prior art because such terms are used for descriptive purposes and are intended to be broadly construed.

Moreover, the description and illustration of various embodiments of the disclosure are examples and the disclosure is not limited to the exact details shown or described. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for detecting an object below a surface, the system comprising: a polarization change detection (PCD) detector that captures a first image of the surface at a first time (T₁) and a second image of the surface at a subsequent second time (T₂); and a processor in operative communication with the PCD detector to determine a degree of linear polarization (DOLP) of the first image at T₁ and a DOLP of the second image at T₂, wherein the surface changes from T₁ to T₂ and the processor determines a statistic associated with the DOLP.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the PCD detector comprises: logic operative to convert different circular or elliptical polarization states into linear polarization states distinguishable by DOLP.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the PCD detector comprises: a co-polarization channel; and a cross-polarization channel; wherein the PCD detector consists of only a single imager and the co-polarization channel is a first portion of the single imager and the cross-polarization channel is a second portion of the single imager.
 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising wherein the statistic associated with the DOLP is a change in DOLP (ΔDOLP) from T₁ to T₂ in response to the surface change; and wherein the processor generates a signal in response to the ΔDOLP or ΔDOLP² to alert the presence of the object below the surface; wherein ΔDOLP is determined by one of: ΔDOLP_(method1)=(DOLP(T ₁)−DOLP(T ₂)) and ΔDOLP_(method2)=,√{square root over ((DOLP(T ₁)−DOLP(T ₂))²)}; and wherein ΔDOLP² is determined by: ΔDOLP²=(DOLP(T ₁)−DOLP(T ₂))².
 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising a polarized light source coupled with the PCD detector to illuminate the surface with polarized electromagnetic radiation.
 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the polarized light source comprises: a laser transmitter generating a polarized laser beam directed at the surface, wherein the first image and the second image capture a reflected beam from the surface.
 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a laser interferometric sensor (LIS) system comprising a laser transmitter coupled with the PCD detector.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the laser transmitter is part of the LIS system and generates a polarized laser beam.
 9. The system of claim 7, further comprising: a platform carrying the LIS system and the PCD detector.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the LIS system is a legacy system on the platform including the laser transmitter, and the PCD detector is a retrofit kit to the LIS system carried by the platform.
 11. The system of claim 1, further comprising: an acoustic modulator generating an acoustic wave to agitate the subsurface object.
 12. The system of claim 11, further comprising: a timer to measure a change in time (ΔT) from T₁ to T₂, wherein ΔT approximates one period of the acoustic wave.
 13. A subsurface object detection method comprising: illuminating a surface with polarized electromagnetic waves; capturing, with a polarization change detection (PCD) detector, a first image of the surface at a first time (T₁); determining a degree of linear polarization (DOLP) for the first image from polarized reflected light from the surface; capturing, with the PCD detector, a second image at a second time (T₂); determining the DOLP for the second image from polarized reflected light from the surface; determining, by a processor, a change in DOLP (ΔDOLP) from the first image to the second image; comparing, by the processor, regions in the second image that have a ΔDOLP or ΔDOLP² that exceeds a threshold; and generating, by the processor, a signal in response to the ΔDOLP or ΔDOLP² that exceeds the threshold to alert a presence of an object below the surface.
 14. The subsurface object detection method of claim 13, further comprising: converting different circular or elliptical polarization states into linear polarization states distinguishable by DOLP.
 15. The subsurface object detection method of claim 13, further comprising: changing the surface between T₁ and T₂; wherein the DOLP of the second image is responsive to changing the surface between T₁ and T₂.
 16. The subsurface object detection method of claim 15, further comprising: modulating an acoustic modulator to direct sound waves towards the surface simultaneous to illuminating the surface with polarized electromagnetic waves.
 17. The subsurface object detection method of claim 13, further comprising: merging the first image with the second image to create a merged image; determining a background region wherein ΔDOLP or ΔDOLP² approximates zero; determining a target region wherein the ΔDOLP or ΔDOLP² exceeds the threshold; and indicating that an object is in the target region in response to the determination that the ΔDOLP or ΔDOLP² exceeded the threshold.
 18. The subsurface object detection method of claim 13, further comprising: merging the first image with the second image to create a merged image; changing the surface between T₁ and T₂ with an acoustic wave; computing the DOLP for each image; filtering, with a Bayer pattern polarization filter, the polarized reflected light; and wherein the time between T₁ and T₂ approximates a period of the wave that changed the surface between T₁ and T₂.
 19. The subsurface object detection method of claim 13, further comprising: merging the first image with the second image to create a merged image; changing the surface between T₁ and T₂; mapping the ΔDOLP in a region where the surface changed, when ΔDOLP from T₂ to T₁ is greater than zero; determining a correlation of a background region in the merged image; determining a correlation of a target region in the merged image; and wherein the time difference from T₂ to T₁ approximates a time scale in which the surface changes.
 20. A method comprising: computing a statistic (S) of a first image from cross-polarization and co-polarization data collected at a first time (T₁); wherein the statistic S is a measure of a degree or direction of the linear polarization and is computed for a plurality of image pixels, and wherein the cross-polarization and co-polarization data may references directions of light output by a polarization change detection (PCD) detector that includes logic operative to convert different circular or elliptical polarization states into linear polarization; determining the statistic S for a second image from cross-polarization and co-polarization data collected at a second time (T₂); determining, by a processor, a change in S (ΔS) from the first image to the second image; comparing, by the processor, regions in the second image that have a ΔS that exceeds a threshold; and generating, by the processor, a signal in response to the ΔS that exceeds the threshold to alert a presence of an object below the surface or a change in the surface. 